边远地区依法预防和处置群体性事件的难点及对策思考

群体性事件成为边远地区影响社会稳定的重要因素之一。多年来,地方政府在正确有效地预防和处理群体性事件中取得一定的成功经验,摸索出了一定处置规律,但也遇到了一些不可忽视的问题。     

对精神障碍者采取强制措施的理论基础

西方对精神障碍者采取强制措施的理论基础,传统上有国父权说、警察权说。至近现代,出现社会控制说、防卫社会说和社会福利说等。理论和制度的先进性、合理性不是抽象的,它取决于一国当时的基本国情,而不是所谓的“世界大趋势”或者“多数国家的做法”,理论基础的采用标准也是如此。从历史研究和比较视角分析,社会控制说较为适合中国现阶段的基本国情。     

临床医学类大学生自主学习状况调查

现代医学人才应当既有扎实的医学基础知识,又具有创新意识和创造能力。自主学习能力是一切能力的源泉。通过对安徽省某医学院校临床医学类大学生自主学习状况进行调查后发现在其中开展自主学习实践非常必要,应积极探索培育学生自主学习素质的策略和方法,全面提高教学质量。     

临床路径在医院管理中的应用

临床路径在医院管理中逐步被广泛应用,它的核心理念是实施标准化管理,对医疗质量进行实时控制并不断改进。文章介绍了临床路径的基本概念、国内外的发展背景,主要讨论了临床路径的制定和实施,并总结其带来的积极意义及对未来的展望。     

论晚清新军的优抚制度

晚清新军的优抚,是我国优抚发展史上一个至关重要的时期。袁世凯对新军的优抚工作给予了高度重视,尤其是在军队医疗救治方面,聘用熟谙西方医疗知识的军医,采用西式医疗技术,使旧军队医疗救治落后的局面大大改观。此外,针对新军退伍士兵的安置工作,制定了详细的实施细则。这是我国封建社会关于安置退伍军人最完整、最系统的细则。这对于激扬军队士气,保持社会稳定,提高军队战斗力等方面起到了积极作用。然而,新军的优抚仍在封建社会的窠臼中徘徊。      

WTO框架下国际投资争议解决机制探析

随着国际投资的一些问题纳入WTO规则体系内,WTO争议解决机制在国际投资争议解决方面也成为一个积极的扮演者。与传统国际投资争议解决方法相比较,WTO争议解决机制具有诸多优势,这必然导致越来越多的国际投资争议在WTO框架内解决,导致国际投资争议处理法的巨大变革。     

Statistical Treatment Rules for Heterogeneous Populations

An important objective of empirical research on treatment response is to provide decision makers with information useful in choosing treatments. This paper studies minimax‐regret treatment choice using the sample data generated by a classical randomized experiment. Consider a utilitarian social planner who must choose among the feasible statistical treatment rules, these being functions that map the sample data and observed covariates of population members into a treatment allocation. If the planner knew the population distribution of treatment response, the optimal treatment rule would maximize mean welfare conditional on all observed covariates. The appropriate use of covariate information is a more subtle matter when only sample data on treatment response are available. I consider the class of conditional empirical success rules; that is, rules assigning persons to treatments that yield the best experimental outcomes conditional on alternative subsets of the observed covariates. I derive a closed‐form bound on the maximum regret of any such rule. Comparison of the bounds for rules that condition on smaller and larger subsets of the covariates yields sufficient sample sizes for productive use of covariate information. When the available sample size exceeds the sufficiency boundary, a planner can be certain that conditioning treatment choice on more covariates is preferable (in terms of minimax regret) to conditioning on fewer covariates.     

Examination of the relationship between social support and treatment outcomes in mothers referred by Child Protective Services utilizing the Significant Other Support Scale

ABSTRACT

Supportive social networks may play an important role in recovery for mothers within the umbrella of Child Protective Services (CPS). However, investigators have yet to develop methods of measuring how significant others contribute to the treatment and recovery process. In this study, the influence of significant others was examined in the family-based treatment of 38 mothers who were referred for Family Behavior Therapy by CPS. The Significant Other Support Scale (SOSS) was empirically developed and subsequently utilized to assess the extent to which participants’ significant others were perceived by treatment providers to support the participants’ goals during treatment sessions. Results indicated that SOSS scores (but not participant and significant other session attendance) were associated with lower participant child abuse potential and drug use frequency at the conclusion of treatment. There was no relationship found between SOSS scores and participant session attendance. However, there was a positive correlation between SOSS scores and significant other session attendance (r = .489, p < .01). The results of this study suggest the quality of significant other support during treatment sessions in this population of mothers may be more important to improving treatment outcomes than session attendance per se. Future directions are discussed in light of the results, including methods of using SOSS scores to assist family-based treatments.     

Adaptive power priors with empirical Bayes for clinical trials

Incorporating historical information into the design and analysis of a new clinical trial has been the subject of much discussion as a way to increase the feasibility of trials in situations where patients are difficult to recruit. The best method to include this data is not yet clear, especially in the case when few historical studies are available. This paper looks at the power prior technique afresh in a binomial setting and examines some previously unexamined properties, such as Box P values, bias, and coverage. Additionally, it proposes an empirical Bayes‐type approach to estimating the prior weight parameter by marginal likelihood. This estimate has advantages over previously criticised methods in that it varies commensurably with differences in the historical and current data and can choose weights near 1 when the data are similar enough. Fully Bayesian approaches are also considered. An analysis of the operating characteristics shows that the adaptive methods work well and that the various approaches have different strengths and weaknesses.     

When is a seamless study desirable? Case studies from different pharmaceutical sponsors

Background: Inferentially seamless studies are one of the best‐known adaptive trial designs. Statistical inference for these studies is a well‐studied problem. Regulatory guidance suggests that statistical issues associated with study conduct are not as well understood. Some of these issues are caused by the need for early pre‐specification of the phase III design and the absence of sponsor access to unblinded data. Before statisticians decide to choose a seamless IIb/III design for their programme, they should consider whether these pitfalls will be an issue for their programme. Methods: We consider four case studies. Each design met with varying degrees of success. We explore the reasons for this variation to identify characteristics of drug development programmes that lend themselves well to inferentially seamless trials and other characteristics that warn of difficulties. Results: Seamless studies require increased upfront investment and planning to enable the phase III design to be specified at the outset of phase II. Pivotal, inferentially seamless studies are unlikely to allow meaningful sponsor access to unblinded data before study completion. This limits a sponsor's ability to reflect new information in the phase III portion. Conclusions: When few clinical data have been gathered about a drug, phase II data will answer many unresolved questions. Committing to phase III plans and study designs before phase II begins introduces extra risk to drug development. However, seamless pivotal studies may be an attractive option when the clinical setting and development programme allow, for example, when revisiting dose selection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.